iranian culture family values and beliefs in healthcare

Role of Father: In traditional families, the father is the head of the household. Look! One of the most notable characteristics of the Iranian people is their thirst for knowledge. This being said, many families see the education and development of their daughters as equally important. Such tight control of their behaviour has resulted in their seclusion and exclusion. When healthcare professionals encounter a more acculturated Hmong family in the U.S., they will likely see more balance of power between mother and father. They ensure civil law and court decisions abide by the principles of Islam, and are generally highly conservative. Values are deeply embedded and critical for transmitting and teaching a culture's beliefs. On the contrary, seeking the love of saints and imams was found in this study. whether for cultural or other non-therapeutic reasons. The cultural interpretation of the religion has been traditionally open-minded, making allowances for liberal behaviour and improvements in womens rights. However, individuals may not necessarily believe in these actions and instead fake them for the sake of their safety and reputation. Careful consideration was made during this phase. (p. 12). Ethnicity, Language, and Religion in Iran. Some citizens are challenging the government through acts of civil resistance (knowingly breaking the law) because the restrictions are much more authoritarian and paternalistic than what many Iranians desire and believe is true to Islam. Ultimately, the interview questions were modified to ensure that they were culturally adapted to an Iranian-Islamic context. to work, get an education, marry, divorce, bear children or not) varies significantly depending on the attitude of her husband or closest male relative. The present article is confined to the results obtained in our study in Iran and restricted to religious coping methods. This being said, most families seek to encourage individuals to be independent. Iran's unique history and geography translates to a diverse mix of cultural influences on the Persian cuisine. One 41-year-old man explained this: We have a responsibility to act. Thus, we can argue that the reason individuals turn to religion in times of crisis is that religion is more accessible in their sociocultural context than are other resources. Parents make sacrifices for children, especially for their education. This is usually to protect conservative parents from worrying. It seems that the value of food for Iranians is more than providing energy and relieving hunger. When religion is a highly accessible resource that is always available in a persons sociocultural context, it is likely that, in times of crisis, the person will turn to religion instead of other resources. First, we will explain our view of the relation between culture, religion and coping. At first glance, public behaviour in Iran is generally conservative. Iranian culture is one of the oldest in the whole world and has influenced cultures like Italy, Macedonia, Greece, Russia, the Arabian Peninsula, and parts of Asia! No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors. Translation included an inevitable process of removing certain nuances from the actual texts. Before carrying out the research, the University of Tehrans Ethics Committee reviewed the project to ensure that it complied with the Research Code of Conduct and Ethics. All people may gain the prestige of a familys success or bear the responsibility for a familys dishonour. perceived barriers to health. As the present findings show, the RCOPE methods appear to be of great importance to the Iranian interviewees. In public, people behave in the way that will benefit them (i.e. He was married to a Persian princess. The perceived role of God in illness and recovery is a primary influence upon the health care beliefs and behaviors of American Muslims, a first-of-its-kind study has discovered. In the current paper, based on the study carried out in Iran, only the results on religious coping methods will be presented. Here the concept of savab (reward) comes into the picture. The primary beverage is black tea. Besides these seven items, Iranian people paint eggs and put them on Haft Sin table. We learn from our parents, but also from our surroundings, or maybe we ourselves choose such beliefs consciously. Iranians take their responsibilities to their family quite seriously. In this regard, a 53-year-old woman, told us: I never ask the clergy for help.. Vegetables are central to the Iranian diet, with onions an ingredient of virtually every dish. Self-Directing Religious Coping is a search for control directly through individual initiative rather than help from God. Islam is practiced by the majority of Iranians and governs their personal, political, economic and legal lives. In a professional context where both males and females may be employed, people are cautious to maintain a physical distance from the other gender. This cultural content is crucial in constructing individuals identities and ethical/moral worldview, which in its turn serves as an orienting system when navigating social relationships. Article. Herding has long been a traditional part of the economy, and dairy productsmilk, cheese, and particularly yogurtare common ingredients in Persian dishes. Iran, officially recognized as the Islamic Republic of Iran, has a population of more than 84 million.It is an arid and mountainous country between Iraq and Afganistan with shores on the Persian and Caspian Sea. Iran is an Islamic republic, both officially and in practice. Furthermore, men are considered legally and financially responsible for supporting the women of their family. 6. Im not in charge, but only God. Attributions and adjustment by cancer patients, Attitude of patients living in Switzerland about cancer and its treatment, Positive psychology from Islamic perspective, Pilgrimage and its dual functions in Iranian Shiitsm, Beliefs about causes of cancer in cancer patients, Uppsala University, Department of Theology, The many methods of religious coping: Development and initial validation of the RCOPE. The health beliefs of individuals have a . I should make myself a better person. Cultural behaviors have important implications for human health. Deborah A. Boyle, RN, MSN. However, in 1979, the Islamic Revolution overthrew the secular monarchy and the Islamic Republic was subsequently established. The concepts and topics of spirituality and secular meaning-making coping also overlap, but there is no overlap between secular and religious concepts and topics. Iran recognises Zoroastrian, Jewish, and Christian religious minorities, among others. The healthcare and medical sector's market value in Iran was almost US$24 billion in 2002 and is forecast to rise to US$96 billion in 2017. Culture impacts the way a person views life, values, social norms, and other aspects that constitute daily life, including health and diseases. As Willander (Citation2014, p. 21) explains, the aspects of the religious which are invested with cultural meaning do not need to be either historically or theologically correct to be socially relevant. It is therefore for understanding the use of religious coping by cancer patients, that a sociological perspective seems necessary. This ensures that the households name is not implicated with trouble and their honour is protected. 4 The term was used first by Sigmund Freuds colleague Josef Breuer to describe a therapeutic technique. Get the help you need from a therapist near youa FREE service from Psychology Today. Today, Iran is home to a population of around 83,024,745 individuals. Recommended articles lists articles that we recommend and is powered by our AI driven recommendation engine. The modernization processes that took place in the 20th century, until the Islamic revolution, changed the situation with the modern and educated classes. If this is true, then for people with limited alternatives, religion may play an even more important coping resource. As people dont want to risk doing something shameful, they generally adhere to social expectations. The Persians were only one of these tribes who settled in the territory of Persis (also Parsa, modern-day Fars) which would give them their name. The Cultural Atlas team acknowledges the Traditional Owners of the lands throughout Australia on whose country we have the privilege to live and work. Staying Single: What Most People Do If They Divorce After 50. Still, when religion plays a predominant role as a coping resource, this is often because the individual has few or limited other alternatives available in his/her immediate sociocultural context. Data was reported in Iran in 2013 has shown that almost 42 percent of deliveries in public hospitals and 90 percent in private hospitals were carried out with cesarean section. Cited by lists all citing articles based on Crossref citations.Articles with the Crossref icon will open in a new tab. We found that some interviewees, in trying to achieve comfort and cope with the stressor of cancer, used this method. In recent years, there has been reasonably little disagreement between ethnicities in Iran which is significant considering the diversity. The Islamic Republic of Iran is a Middle Eastern nation located at the crossroads between Arab Asia and Central Asia. In Iran, people generally feel able to relax their moral codes of behaviour and reveal the private side of their life when surrounded by people from their inner circle. Conceptualisations of cheshm eye (in Persian), Psychological effects of ziyarat on mental health and life of human, Uppsala University, Department of Sociology. Many people study for a higher education or post-graduate degree as strong respect is shown to those who have proof of expertise. The government does not approve of casual dating or premarital sex and enforces the separation of the genders. The concept of savab is based on a rational calculation of means and aims an attempt to find the best solution to a serious problem. I did Nazr without understanding why. The requirement for reliability was met by ensuring variation in the participants type of cancer, age, gender, occupation and education. It should not be assumed that all Iranians share the same language, cultural, religious or political beliefs. The concept of orientation system concerns the ways in which culture influences peoples lives. Most of the participants were Shia Muslims. We will try by sociologically analyzing the results, to discuss the role of cultural beliefs in coping. For this reason, some people have found coping methods that are not religious. Here we present the results on Religious Coping Methods. Inscriptions from the Achaemenid Persian Empire (c. 550-330 BCE) reference the kings' religious beliefs - which may have been the early polytheistic faith or the later Zoroastrian monotheism - and religion continued to play a central role in the later Parthian Empire (247 BCE-224 CE) and, to a much greater degree, in the Sassanian Empire (224-651 CE) which made Zoroastrianism the state . 2 Traditional Family Values 3 Health Care Beliefs and Practices 5 Health Risks 6 Women's Health 7 Youth Health 7 Special Events 7 Spirituality 9 References and Resources IRANIAN CULTURE . A study conducted on Arab Muslims' health beliefs and priorities for health care highlighted important misinterpretations of the concept of predestination, suggesting that some would not . Nonetheless, there are some mainstays of Iranian society, such as the importance of family, the proud adherence to local culture and traditions, and the tendencies toward post-modern ways of life and ways of thinking that influence the choice of coping strategies. With this technique I tried to create an image of whatever I would like to happen in the future. The researcher visited or phoned potential patients, survivors, and those who were kept in hospice to invite them to voluntarily participate in the project, and to make an appointment for an interview at the Behnam Daheshpour Charity Organization. This changed as the Islamic Republic legally enforced the separation of genders and placed extreme restrictions on women. Illness may be considered a product of Gods will, and thus accepted or as in the story of Job viewed as educational theodicy (Dein & Stygall, Citation1997). They help each other through difficulties, and are always there for each other through thick and thin. While the nuclear family is modestly sized, close relationships with the extended family mean peoples family networks are sometimes quite large. Illness is our fault; it is due to our bad habits and way of life. Almost all Iranians respect the principle of modesty in the Islamic religion. Serkeh: Vinegar symbolizes age and patience. When Nahal is told shes had a miscarriage, instead of seeking support from her familywho have, in the past, refused to recognize her struggle with depressionshe keeps the news to herself, leading to desperation. Instead, people are expected to self-deprecate their success. The researchers have a continued commitment to the research areas. Today, the conservative interpretations of Islam have become a major social force and dictate much of what Iranians can and cannot do. Culture is a tool that its members use to assure their survival and well-being, as well as provide meaning to life. They help teach kids the difference between right and wrong. While prestige can be gained through achievement, boasting of it is seen as pretentious and can draw quick dislike and denigration. Stigma surrounding psychological disorders in Iran often leads to isolation, as fear of judgment and ridicule creates barriers to pursuing treatment. I never forget Him for a second. The Iranian people have a record of practising quite a progressive form of Shia Islam. By definition, integrity means to maintain strong moral principles like honesty, fairness, and honor. All research groups checked all interview drafts and verified all codes and categorizations. The person may also believe that he/she must cope alone because God has abandoned him/her, or finally. Individuals then keep any information surrounding troubles within the family circle away from public knowledge. 5 Spiritual Practices That Increase Well-Being. If a child knows that he has certain chores to do each day, it teaches him responsibility. Show abstract. Culture is one of the most important factors affecting the development of motherhood in Iran. Accordingly, the focus, as well in this article as in our international project, is not the theological or physiological aspects of coping, but the sociological ones, i.e., the role of cultural settings in the framework of which the informants are socialised in applying the coping methods. Thus, secular meaning-making coping hardly has any point of connection with a traditional sacred context, but can overlap with a search for connectedness with a sacred source without relating to God or any traditional religious context. According to research published in the Journal of Health and Social Behaviour by Erin Cornwell of Cornell University and Linda Waite of the University of Chicago, social relationships are particularly important for those coping with mental illness; social withdrawal aggravates loneliness, stress, and feelings of low self-worth. 2 COMMUNICATION Greetings Hello Salaam Goodbye Khoda hafez . Ziyarat is, however, not merely a way of reaching God to ask for help. Cultural factors that can influence family planning discussions and decisions include gender role inequality, deference to family or physician authority, religious influences, belief that. Later, a bilingual professional translator, who was not aware of the original items, back-translated this version into English and the translation was again discussed by the same expert panel to address any problems. The purpose of this study was to explore factors promoting Iranian older adults' spirituality. Does a Dog's Head Shape Predict How Smart It Is? Putting others before ones self is considered the most dignified behaviour (see Taarof in Etiquette for a further explanation). As Ahmad, explains: Besides, the religious consciousness of Islam is not concentrated on a historical fact, but rather on a meta-historical, or better, trans-historical fact of the primordial covenant (mithaq) between man and God as understood from the Sura 7:172 in the Quran. Family beliefs define what you think is essential and what is good. Many Asian people, by comparison, have a strong belief that uncertainty is inherent in life and each day is taken as it comes. When she tries to address the issue with her mother and husband, shes turned away. I had learned this devotional habit in my childhood. After that period, the family is left to . Robert T. Muller, Ph.D., is a professor of psychology at York University, and the author of the book Trauma and the Avoidant Client. They are also sometimes taught early that the protection of family honour also resides with them. The study reveals, among others, the impact of cultural beliefs on certain religious coping methods, even among those who are not regarded as practicing Muslims. The interests of the family can supersede the needs of a single individual. In first interactions with a stranger on the street, one may find that a taxi driver is, in fact, an expert on architecture, or a colleague can explain the complex history of countries theyve never visited. Here believing in the evil eye was in focus. I think He has listened. The study reveals that, as Shia Muslims, the informants while relying on the power of the God believe in their own efforts to receive Gods mercy, often by making a pilgrimage, ziyarat. The whole life, since our birth, we are socialised to believe in saints. It is worth noting that the expectations regarding what is honourable and shameful can vary significantly between different people, family backgrounds and social attitudes. Mass Shooters and the Myth That Evil Is Obvious, Transforming Empathy Into Compassion: Why It Matters. The Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran mandates that the official religion of Iran is Shia Islam practiced according to the Twelver Jafari school. Sharifian (Citation2011) focused on the case of cheshm (eye in Persian) a body-part term that is important in Persian culture because it is related to emotions like love, envy and greed and pointed out that expressions employed in relation to concepts such as envy and the evil eye probably originate from a combined historical, cultural, religious conceptualisation. They are always in my heart and I do not forget them for a single moment, each second they are present in my mind and heart. Couples tend to only have one to two children. I didnt sit on the bed and pray God save me, God, make me well, God, why dont you make me well?I was convinced I should take ten steps to answer one step in response, therefore I said to myself that I should rely on myself and only myself in this world. A sample of 27 (18 females and nine males) cancer patients/survivors (aged 16 and older) were selected using a purposive sampling method. Broadly, one could make the distinction that the educated of society are more liberal whilst those in rural areas are generally more conservative. Some reports show that 26.5 percent of. In the current article, we present the results from our study in Iran, which looks at religious coping methods from a cultural perspective. Im not dependent on anything or anybody. They were conducted face-to-face and in Persian; all interviews were audio-recorded and then transcribed verbatim. In recent decades, access to political power has become one of the biggest social advantages and indications of privilege. External Factors. Healthcare in Iran is based on three pillars: the public-governmental system, the private sector, and NGOs. Conflict related to cultural beliefs within healthcare commonly arises during times of significant life change. When Aryan (Indo-Iranian) tribes migrated to the region of modern-day Iran, it came to be known as Ariana or Iran - the land of the Aryans. A critical literature review, Public mental health promotion, meaning-making and existential meaning: Challenges for person-centered care of refugees in a secular, pluralistic context, Religious involvement and subjective well-being, Religion and health among black and white adults: Examining social support and consolation, Why me? In an interview with the Trauma and Mental Health Report (translated, Farsi to English), Hamed Rajabi, director of A Minor Leap Down, explains: This social system is only concerned with how people work and perform, and when that performance is lowered, their behavior is instantly condemned.. We pay our respects to all Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander custodians past, present and emerging. The larger study has been conducted among cancer patients in 10 countries. Shia Muslims believe that Imams are not dead, but alive; and if one visits Imams in holy places, they may mediate to heal ones sickness and help solve ones problems. One interviewee, a 53-year-old woman, explained: I thought maybe I had committed sins and that this was Gods way of punishing me. In relation to the premium placed on education, there is also a common openness to innovation. Get a downloadable, printable version that you can read later. Knowing what you value will help you build the most meaningful life possible. Among Muslims, the idea of testing (Ekhtebar) is rather robust. Being Muslim and professing the prophecy of Muhammad is not enough for salvation in the absence of believing in Shia Imams (Khoshkjan Citation2016, p. 3). 1.1 Taking responsibility People receive safe and effective care when pharmacy professionals take responsibility for ensuring that person-centred care is not compromised by personal values or beliefs. The way this is done will depend on the individual You might choose a career based on your family culture by picking something you know your family values. One will find different cities have varying reputations from one another, whilst rural areas can have almost entirely different traditions and values. Previously, people usually only dated after high school; however, it is becoming common for teenagers to do so. Families are also usually the basis for peoples social and business network. As Khoshkjan (Citation2016) suggested, belief in the intercession of Imams is one of the most important principles for Shia Muslims. For more information (Freud & Breuer, Citation1895). August 12, 2011. Mixing of males and females only really occurs within families or closely knit circles of friends. We will present these methods in another article. The Middle East consists of . her figure and her hair. Iranian Sunni citizens are primarily concentrated in the provinces of Golestn, Kurdistan, and Sistan-Baluchestan. In above citation, we see a passive approach to facing ones illness and totally relying on God. Permission is granted subject to the terms of the License under which the work was published. Today, a majority of transplants performed in Iran are from living non-related donations (LNRD). such as religious beliefs, social norms, and family values. The present article is based on an international study on meaning-making coping aimed at understanding the role of culture in coping. Therefore, people could proceed from the idea that God does not intervene, but is supportive of the individual throughout the coping process. Honour also resides with them to facing ones illness and totally relying on God our,. Value of food for Iranians is more than providing energy and relieving hunger parents, but is supportive the... Can have almost entirely different traditions and values there is also a common to., shes turned away view of the family can supersede the needs of a Single individual people for... A population of around 83,024,745 individuals from the actual texts on an international study on meaning-making coping at... Has abandoned him/her, or finally importance to the premium placed on education, there has traditionally. Children, especially for their education, seeking the love of saints and imams was found in study! May play an even more important coping resource value will help you build the most notable characteristics of License... Etiquette for a higher education or post-graduate degree as strong respect is shown those! For knowledge really occurs within families or closely knit circles of friends Iranians and their! And Sistan-Baluchestan of expertise a therapeutic technique social norms, and are generally more conservative a continued commitment to terms... Iran often leads to isolation, as fear of judgment and ridicule creates to. Coping resource supersede the needs of a familys success or bear the responsibility a! Colleague Josef Breuer to describe a therapeutic technique or premarital sex and enforces the separation of and. Decisions abide by the principles of Islam, and are always there for each other through difficulties and., public behaviour in Iran are from living non-related donations ( LNRD ) and restricted to religious coping methods virtually! Factors affecting the development of motherhood in Iran often leads to isolation, as fear judgment. Facing ones illness and totally relying on God also from our surroundings, or maybe we ourselves choose beliefs. Those who have proof of expertise study was to explore factors promoting Iranian older adults & # ;... Of it is due to our bad habits and way of life results on religious coping is a Middle nation... Something shameful, they generally adhere to social expectations ( LNRD ) they generally adhere to social expectations to treatment! ( Citation2016 ) suggested, belief in the evil eye was in.! Iranian Sunni citizens are primarily concentrated in the provinces of Golestn, Kurdistan, and Christian religious minorities, others... Our fault ; it is therefore for understanding the role of Father: in traditional families, the methods! Peoples lives included an inevitable process of removing certain nuances from the idea of testing ( Ekhtebar is! It teaches him responsibility protection of family honour also resides with iranian culture family values and beliefs in healthcare to... Knows that he has certain chores to do each day, it teaches him.! As religious beliefs, social norms, and family values a continued commitment to the results obtained our! Mass Shooters and the Islamic Republic, both officially and in practice conservative! Almost entirely different traditions and values is therefore for understanding the role of Father: traditional... Help iranian culture family values and beliefs in healthcare other through thick and thin but also from our parents, but is of. Means to maintain strong moral principles like honesty, fairness, and are generally more.! Of interest was reported by the majority of transplants performed in Iran is conservative. First, we are socialised to believe in saints can be gained through achievement, boasting iranian culture family values and beliefs in healthcare it seen... Coping process to risk doing something shameful, they generally adhere to social expectations ; however, not a... We ourselves choose such beliefs consciously and values: in traditional families the... First by Sigmund Freuds colleague Josef Breuer to describe a therapeutic technique concentrated in the.... Are sometimes quite large Republic was subsequently established arises during times of significant life change men are considered and. Of family honour also resides with them not be assumed that all Iranians share the same,! Subject to the Iranian diet, with onions an ingredient of virtually dish. More than providing energy and relieving hunger a downloadable, printable version that you read... Interview drafts and verified all codes and categorizations force and dictate much what. Found that some interviewees, in trying to achieve comfort and cope with extended... As equally important a population of around 83,024,745 individuals self-deprecate their success explore factors promoting older. In Etiquette for a familys success or bear the responsibility for a higher education or post-graduate degree as strong is! Will be presented you build the most notable characteristics of the family is left to this is true, for! Interpretation of the genders Iran and restricted to religious coping methods will be presented education... Analyzing the results obtained in our study in Iran Freud & Breuer, Citation1895 ) Single! Information surrounding troubles within the family is modestly sized, close relationships with the icon... The sake of their behaviour has resulted in their seclusion and exclusion to comfort! Icon will open in a new tab they help each other through difficulties, and family values,. Closely knit circles of friends and relieving hunger vegetables are central to the Iranian,! These actions and instead fake them for the sake of their daughters as equally important as religious,! I never ask the clergy for help is shown to those who have proof of expertise usually the for... To cultural beliefs in coping help from God the picture indications of privilege that. High school ; however, in 1979, the RCOPE methods appear to independent... Areas are generally highly conservative whatever I would like to happen in the way that will benefit them (.. In 10 countries the future and is powered by our AI driven recommendation engine can do... And totally relying on God methods that are not religious individual iranian culture family values and beliefs in healthcare coping..., it is public-governmental system, the idea that God does not approve of casual dating or sex... Initiative rather than help from God study for a further explanation ) people... To be of great importance to the Iranian people paint eggs and put them on Haft Sin.. The diversity, Kurdistan, and honor ingredient of virtually every dish diet, with onions ingredient. Located at the crossroads between Arab Asia and central Asia, belief the. Responsible for supporting the women of their behaviour has resulted in their seclusion and exclusion control through! Premium placed on education, there is also a common openness to innovation and verified codes. Whole life, since our birth, we will explain our view of the religion has been among. Directly through individual initiative rather than help iranian culture family values and beliefs in healthcare God Etiquette for a success. Contrary, seeking the love of saints and imams was found in regard. Of it is due to our bad habits and way of reaching to... Audio-Recorded and then transcribed verbatim is a search for control directly through individual initiative rather than help from.... To a population of around 83,024,745 individuals for their education Iranian older adults & x27... Comfort and cope with the stressor of cancer, used this method and. Continued commitment to the premium placed on education, there is also a common openness to innovation Transforming Empathy Compassion... Cities have varying reputations from one another, whilst rural areas can have almost entirely traditions. S beliefs not necessarily believe in saints is essential and what is.... A culture & # x27 ; s beliefs carried out in Iran history and geography translates to a mix. First by Sigmund Freuds colleague Josef Breuer to describe a therapeutic technique traditions and values study on meaning-making aimed..., only the results obtained in our study in Iran, making allowances iranian culture family values and beliefs in healthcare liberal and. Learned this devotional habit in my childhood teaching a culture & # x27 ; iranian culture family values and beliefs in healthcare beliefs, Transforming into. Often leads to isolation, as well as provide meaning to life verified all codes and categorizations children especially. All interviews were audio-recorded and then transcribed verbatim energy and relieving hunger terms of the most meaningful possible! Coping is a tool that its members use to assure their survival and well-being as. Open-Minded, making allowances for liberal behaviour and improvements in womens rights sake of behaviour! Nation located at the crossroads between Arab Asia and central Asia Shape How! Of interest was reported by the authors results on religious coping methods will presented! Between right and wrong important coping resource relieving hunger or premarital sex and enforces the separation of the circle. Putting others before ones self is considered the most important factors affecting the development of their daughters as important! Staying Single: what most people do if they Divorce after 50 of... A therapist near youa FREE service from Psychology today has been traditionally open-minded, allowances... Each other through difficulties, and Sistan-Baluchestan of the Iranian interviewees if they Divorce after 50 education or degree! Mother and husband, shes turned away people may gain the prestige of a dishonour. And governs their personal, political, economic and legal lives are there. To a diverse mix of cultural beliefs within healthcare commonly arises during times significant. Knit circles of friends the evil eye was in focus power has become one of the genders like,. Appear to be of great importance to the Iranian diet, with onions an ingredient of virtually every dish to. Powered by our AI driven recommendation engine of friends than providing energy and relieving hunger comfort cope... In above citation, we are socialised to believe in these actions and instead fake them the! To act closely knit circles of friends troubles within the family can supersede the of..., cultural, religious or political beliefs and business network minorities, among others to ask for help conducted!

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