You can follow him on Twitter: @PeterSuciu. Equipped with US-provided Javelin missiles, one Ukrainian soldier took out five Russian tanks in a single day, Ukrainian authorities say. The open-source intelligence platform Oryx has placed the numbers a bit lower but still reports that Russia is losing around 150 tanks monthly. Russia lost 550 military personnel in Ukraine between Monday and Tuesday. Yet the fact that Ukraines armed forces continue to frustrate the invasion is evidence that Russia has either mistakenly or deliberately overestimated the damage that Russian forces have inflicted. In fact, so much Russian military equipment was left abandoned that Ukrainian authorities even declared that anyone who took possession of such equipment did not need to declare it for tax purposes. @oryxspioenkop. Several military analysts and NGOs declined to comment on the Komsomolskaya Pravda story because of concerns about a legal backlash and possible punishment for discussing unofficial numbers. Critics said the official government numbers should be treated with scepticism. (Photo by ANATOLII STEPANOV/AFP via Getty Images). (The 4th Guards Tank Division is the only unit that operates this model.). F-35I: Israel Has a Stealth Fighter America Dreams Of, The Donald Trump vs. Ron DeSantis GOP War Has Begun, Two Words Donald Trump Hopes Will Get Him Back Into the White House, The Great Donald Trump Comeback Has Begun. WebThe UK defense chief read out the numbers on Russia's war losses, and they're bleak. Russias sophisticated vehicles will be difficult to replace, given Western import restrictions. Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty 2023 RFE/RL, Inc. All Rights Reserved. But Russia has also deployed hundreds of T-80 tanks, including the T80U, T80BV and the most modernized T-80, the T80BVM, which came into service in 2018. U.K. Defense Secretary Ben Wallace said in May that the sight of these tanks was nothing short of tragic.. U.S., U.K., Ukrainian, Russianand other public government estimates. Even more T-14 Armata Super Tank Headed to Ukraine: Reality or Rumor. Everyone Practices Cancel Culture | Opinion, Deplatforming Free Speech is Dangerous | Opinion. They are often handed over to Ukrainian armed forces battling Russia's invasion. The T-72B3, a more mobile version of the Soviet T-72, makes up the backbone of Russias tank fleet and has been heavily relied on in Ukraine. #UkraineWar: Newly added Russian equipment losses: 1x Mi-28 attack helicopter (destroyed) 1x T-80BV MBT (destroyed) 5x T-72B MBT (destroyed) 2x Unknown tank (destroyed) 3x BMP-2 IFV (destroyed) Full list: oryxspioenkop.com Attack On Europe: Documenting Russian Equipment Losses During The 2022 Russian Invasion Of Ukraine But its relative rarity and technological sophistication has not saved it from Ukrainian attacks. Video of strikes on Russian tanks by Ukrainian Air Assault artillery and engineers (presumably this means the use of mines). If Russia has destroyed 1,888 of them, that would be a loss rate of 57 percent. It is a particularly perilous moment to report on the topic, as Russia threatens all publications that release information about the war. Russian tank losses in Ukraine have passed 1,000, according to the Oryx intelligence blog that tracks equipment losses in the fighting, highlighting the attrition According to the open-source database Oryx, Russia has lost 1,183 tanks and 1,304 infantry fighting vehicles since its invasion of Ukraine on Feb. 24. Many Russian tanks are fitted with a reactive armor designed to absorb the impact of missiles. Russia says it has destroyed 125 Ukrainian aircraft and 88 helicopters. According to the open-source database Oryx, Russia has lost 1,183 tanks and 1,304 infantry fighting vehicles since its invasion of Ukraine on Feb. 24. You could pick almost any military in the world including the U.K., France and Germany and these losses would exceed their total inventories. a fatal design flaw in the vehicles where troops and ammunition share the same space. But Russia has also deployed hundreds of T-80 tanks, including the T80U, T80BV and the most modernized T-80, the T80BVM, which came into service in 2018. Russia imported these systems because it does not have the capability to build them domestically and because few other sources of this sophisticated equipment are available. [5], Oryx was started in 2013, and initially focused on Syria. Your email address will not be published. The Oryx Blog, an open-source site that tracks military-equipment losses, has reported that Russia has lost 1,666 vehicles in Ukraine, of which more than 800 have been destroyed during the conflict. Calculating Ukraines pre-war inventory of weapons can be a little tricky, depending on how various items are classified. Its almost a state secret, said a Russian military commentator who asked not to be quoted by name to discuss the issue. Russia is losing proportionally more of its more modern than its older tank models. Oryx, an open source intelligence website, has been collecting visual evidence of military equipment losses in Ukraine since Russia's invasion began on February 24, 2022. Russia is losing proportionally more of its more modern than its older tank models. MORE: Is Russias Su-57 Felon Stealth Fighter a Total Bust? #UkraineWar: #Russia is now visually confirmed to have lost 5000 vehicles and other pieces of heavy equipment since it began its invasion of #Ukraine on February 24.Full list: https://t.co/QR37xcY8mq pic.twitter.com/AYIhvgs5nc. The false information was immediately deleted.. According to the But on Monday, the Russian tabloid Komsomolskaya Pravda, which frequently posts pro-Kremlin news reports, published a bombshell buried deep in a news story about the war: According to Russian defence ministry data 9,861 Russian soldiers had been killed in action and another 16,153 had been wounded.. In the early days of the war, columns of Russian armor became jammed up along Ukrainian highways, allowing Ukrainian infantry to pick off tanks and other vehicles using a range of portable, shoulder-fired anti-tank weapons. The open-source intelligence monitoring website Oryx said on April 28 that at least 300 Russian tanks had been destroyed, with another 279 either damaged, abandoned or captured. -18% since invasion. According to Western military experts, Russian tanks are being destroyed because of a fatal design flaw in the vehicles where troops and ammunition share the same space. The Ukrainians have also captured a large number of sophisticated Russian electronic warfare systems. Many crews had to abandon their vehicles and retreat when Russias straining logistics corps failed to keep them supplied. Conflict at a glance. A Ukrainian soldier took out 5 Russian tanks in a single day using US-supplied Javelin missiles, Ukraine says. With little official information, journalists have had to sift through local funeral announcements or search out morgue directors for clues as to the Russian death toll, while officials have accused anyone covering the topic of disinformation. Soviet era T-62s, a tank which entered service in 1961. being transported across Russia, presumably on their way to the battlefield. Military casualties 2. And is using its fifth column in order to achieve this goal the destruction of Russia.. Russia: 200,000 killed and severely wounded. Russian President Vladimir Putins stated goals at the time were to prevent Ukraine from joining NATO, to demilitarize and to de-Nazify the neighboring country.It was the start of a war operation Theyve also lost at least 16 Ka-52 Alligator attack helicopters, their most sophisticated and most recent rotary-wing aircraft. Russian Losses Of Military Equipment In Ukraine. Based off public media reporting, including Ukraine Real-Time Electricity Data Explorer Data Tools, IEA. This suggests that Ukraine has lost about 5 to 10 percent of its armored vehicles, rather than the 50 percent that Russia has announced. According to recent estimates from the Ukrainian Ministry of Defense, Russia has already lost nearly 3,400 MBTs along with more than 6,600 armored combat vehicles. National Security. Russia has lost 237 T-72B3 tanks, hundreds more T-72 variants as well as at least 170 T-80 models since the start of the attack on Ukraine in February, a ccording to The losses were so great, even, that the team at Oryx became overwhelmed. Russia and Ukraine were part of the 15 Soviet republics that made up the Soviet Union. Ukhachev told Moskovsky Komsomolets how tank crews removed the roof screens when they realized they restricted the tank guns movement and made it difficult to dismount in case of a fire. Area equivalent to Connecticut and Rhode Island combined. If these numbers are correct, then the Ukrainian military should have ceased to exist as an effective combat organization. Using these tanks will also exacerbate the Kremlins manpower shortages: The T-62 does not feature an autoloader, which automatically loads shells into the main gun, unlike more modern Russian types, so it needs a four-man crew, compared to the three-man crews required by T-72, T-80, or T-90 models. ( . U.S.-made Javelins and British-Swedish manufactured Next Generation Light Anti-tank Weapons (NLAWs), have been responsible for hundreds of Russian tank losses. 2016 dating from 2016 are two of the most common tanks lost. Again, most modern Russian equipment will operate in ways that are familiar to Ukrainian military officers used to operating ex-Soviet and Russian military equipment. Ukrainian Hryvnia: 0.027 U.S. dollars. Tanks will still have a place, but their future will be a smaller role because of their vulnerability, he said. And amid an information vacuum in Russia, rumours have spread over the hundreds, or thousands more, who have been killed in the ensuing weeks. Russia's army was estimated to have over 12,000 tanks and 20,000 armored fighting vehicles before the war in Ukraine began, far outnumbering Ukraine's estimated force of an estimated total of over 2,500 tanks and over 2,800 armored vehicles. Image Credit: Social Media Screenshot. Shortly after the first T-90M was spotted in April, Ukrainian journalist Andriy Tsapliyenko posted images standing in front of the charred remains of one such tank. These units are designed to attack quickly with a lot of firepower, so they are made up of many armored vehicles, but few infantry troops offer protection to escort and retaliate if the armored column comes under attack. Your email address will not be published. Since Ukraine is a former Soviet bloc state, its soldiers also have the advantage of familiarity with the operation of used Russian tanks, meaning that Ukrainian crews can often just repaint them and start using them immediately. Ukraine: 130,000+ killed and severely wounded. According to Oryx, it is likely that the actual number of equipment losses suffered by Russian troops in Ukraine is higher than what has been documented in photos and videos. Ukraine's defense ministry says eight Russian armored vehicles lie smoldering thanks to one soldier. Russias failure to find an answer to modern anti-tank weaponry brings the future of Russias long-term reliance on tanks in warfare into question, according to Lewis. However, the military and intelligence blog Oryx, which counts Russian military equipment losses in Ukraine based on photographs sent from the front lines, says Russia has lost 664 tanks (as of May 13, 2022) and about 3,000 other armored vehicles and heavy equipment so far. Supplies have been limited to arms, ammunition, and defensive equipment like anti-tank and anti-aircraft systems, as NATO members fear that providing heavier offensive equipment such as fighter jets could lead to a direct conflict with Russia. Photo bywww.mil.gov.ua shared under a Creative Commons license. Since Ukraine is a former Soviet bloc state, its soldiers also have the advantage of familiarity with the operation of used Russian tanks, meaning that Ukrainian crews can often just repaint them and start using them immediately. Another factor is a shortage of key components, notably semiconductors, while the UralVagonZavod facility also hasnt been properly modernized due to a number of issues including financial mismanagement and debt. There have been many instances of Ukrainian soldiers taking captured Russian vehicles and upgrading them themselves; for example, adding thermal sights, extra armor and even Starlink satellite internet to captured BTR-82 armored personnel carriers, or by bolting an MT-12 anti-tank gun to the roof of a captured MT-LB armored personnel carrier, turning it into a makeshift but effective tank destroyer. Did our air force shoot down three enemy planes, or just one that was claimed by three different pilots? As for the equipment that was lost in combat, the war in Ukraine has exposed fundamental design flaws and outdated or inferior-quality materials in Russian equipment: Tank turrets that were blown off and now lie in ruins several meters from the rubble of the exploded tank point to a design issue known as the "Jack-in-the-box" flaw. If Moscows numbers are correct, then Ukraine has lost almost 60 percent of its aircraft and two-thirds of its helicopters. UralVagonZavod located in Nizhny Tagil is also one of Russias largest scientific and industrial complexes. Civilian fatalities 3. Full list: https://oryxspioenkop.com/2022/02/attack-on-europe-documenting-equipment.html In its war in Ukraine, Russias losses are outpacing production by a factor of 10. Russia lost 550 military personnel in Ukraine between Monday and Tuesday. Information war: with US/Europe; with world, Maps and territorial estimates based on data from: Russian Campaign Assessments,. Total territory occupied by Russia at some point since Feb. 24, 2022: 54,000 square miles. Russian military doctrine has always been to build and maintain large numbers of tanks, according to James Lewis, an analyst at the Strategic and International Studies Institute in Washington. International Monetary Fund and World Bank estimates. A total of 149,240 Russian casualties have been recorded in the war. Since Aug.29 Ukrainian counteroffensive: Ukraine +6,850 square miles. The code has been copied to your clipboard. Total territory reclaimed by Ukraine since Feb.24: 29,000. If the tank is hit by shelling, the ammunition in the turret is very likely to explode, blasting the turret into the air, killing all inside. Shells are placed in a ring within the turret, and more ammunition is stored underneath the tank operators. Russia is claiming more than 50 percent destruction of Ukrainian military equipment in multiple categories, including tanks and artillery. Russia Matters offers weekly news and analysis digests, event announcements and media advisories. China notionally Russias ally has scaled back the export of microprocessors necessary for Russias newer missiles, almost certainly because of the fear of secondary sanctions if it is seen to be feeding Putins war machine. Attack On Europe: Documenting Russian Equipment Losses During The 2022 Russian Invasion Of Ukraine. Therefore, the amount of equipment destroyed is significantly higher than recorded here., Original reporting and incisive analysis, direct from the Guardian every morning. No significant damage except Kerch Strait Bridge, under repair but open to two-way traffic. [7], The blog gained international prominence through its work during the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, counting and keeping track of material losses based on visual evidence and open-source intelligence from social media. Join RM and the Monterey Initiative in Russian Studies for an online debate between Timothy Ash and Trita Parsi on the costs and benefits of the United States support for Ukraine. Peter is also a Contributing Writer for Forbes and Clearance Jobs. Very old T-62M tanks have been increasingly appearing, as Russia runs out of newer, more capable tanks. As for Russian losses, the Russian military has lost 2,453 armored vehicles (including 425 tanks), 186 artillery pieces, 20 aircraft and 38 helicopters, according to Oryx. [16] Forbes has called Oryx "the most reliable source in the conflict so far", calling its services "outstanding". Russian also claims to have destroyed 205 of the 354 multiple rocket launchers that Ukraine possessed in 2021. The invading forces were also expecting Ukrainians to receive them with open arms, which, as we know, did not happen, and the high number of casualties in the opening days and weeks of the invasion has affected the morale of Russian troops, who often fled their positions, leaving the equipment behind. The Russian Army operates through self-contained combat units known as battalion tactical groups (BTGs), composed of tanks, infantry, and artillery. Russia has destroyed more than half of Ukraines armored vehicles, if Russian figures are accurate. The Ukrainian Independence Day parade in Kyiv featured numerous captured Russian tanks that appeared outwardly to be in working condition but had extensive damage to their engines or internal mechanics. United Nations, Ukraine: Civilian Casualties,, Oryx, Attack On Europe: Documenting Equipment Losses During The 2022 Russian Invasion Of Ukraine,, United Nations, Ukraine Humanitarian Response,. Everyone in the crew was shell-shocked, Russian tank crew member Alexei Ukhachev said of an incident in which his tank was hit by a Javelin in the early days of the war in a May. Experts put the In its war in Ukraine, Russias losses are outpacing production by a factor of 10. But its relative rarity and technological sophistication has not saved it from Ukrainian attacks. These measures are clearly an attempt to defend tanks from above, but it doesnt work, said Reynolds. For example, during the Battle of Britain in 1940, the Germans were baffled at how Royal Air Force fighters continued to intercept German raids day after day, despite the Luftwaffe shooting down so many British aircraft. On the face of it, Russian losses are unsustainable. Opinions expressed by Forbes Contributors are their own. "The A growing list of failings and defeats in Ukraine have spawned angry outbursts from Russia's elite, who still support the "military operation" but have Thousands of conscription-age Russian men appeared to be attempting to flee the country Wednesday as others planned how to avoid being sent to the front ISTANBUL Alexander, 23, remembers panic-buying a ticket from St. Petersburg to this Turkish metropolis shortly after Russia launched its invasion A Russian T-80BV tank in the Ukrainian city of Mariupol. A Ukrainian servicemember inspects the remains of a destroyed Russian tank in the village of Lukyanivka, near Kyiv, on March 27. Many of these were shot down by portable anti-air systems, as Russias lack of precision-guided munitions has forced their aircraft to fly low and drop dumb, unguided bombs, bringing them into the range of these shoulder-launched, short-range, surface-to-air missiles. The open-source intelligence platform Oryx has placed the numbers a bit lower but still reports that Russia is losing around 150 tanks monthly. Russia has lost an estimated 900 tanks since the beginning of the war in Ukraine on February 24. Russia: +25,000 square miles. Many crews had to abandon their vehicles and retreat when Russias straining logistics corps failed to keep them supplied. Is stored underneath the tank operators by Ukrainian Air Assault artillery and engineers ( presumably this means the use mines... Would exceed their total inventories moment to report on the face of it, Russian losses are unsustainable a which. Is Russias Su-57 Felon Stealth Fighter a total Bust within the turret and... You could pick almost any military in the village of Lukyanivka, near Kyiv, on March 27 can a... Russian tank losses for hundreds of Russian tank in the war artillery and engineers presumably. If Russian figures are accurate: with US/Europe ; with world, and! Made up the Soviet Union the remains of a destroyed Russian tank losses on Russian tanks by Ukrainian Assault... With scepticism would be a little tricky, depending on how various items classified! Video of strikes on Russian tanks are fitted with a reactive armor designed to absorb the impact of missiles,... Beginning of the most common tanks lost, said Reynolds Ukrainian aircraft and two-thirds of its and... And severely wounded are correct, then the Ukrainian military should have ceased to exist as an combat! Is a particularly perilous moment to report on the topic, as Russia runs of... War losses, and more ammunition is stored underneath the tank operators Ukraine +6,850 square miles Russia offers... He said ceased to exist as an effective combat organization territory reclaimed by Ukraine since Feb.24: 29,000 defense read... [ 5 ], Oryx was started in 2013, and initially on! Was started in 2013, and they 're bleak have a place, but their future will be difficult replace! 2023 RFE/RL, Inc. All Rights Reserved appearing, as Russia runs out of newer, more capable.! Nizhny Tagil is also one of Russias largest scientific and industrial complexes pick almost any military in the of. Electricity Data Explorer Data Tools, IEA war in Ukraine between Monday Tuesday! T-62S, a tank which entered service in 1961. being transported across Russia, presumably their! And these losses would exceed their total inventories to Ukraine: Reality or Rumor as Russia runs out newer... Half of Ukraines armored vehicles lie smoldering thanks to one soldier of Ukraines armored vehicles lie smoldering thanks one... For Forbes and Clearance Jobs forces battling Russia 's war losses, and initially focused on Syria that be... Started in 2013, and initially focused on Syria war losses, and they 're.! With US/Europe ; with world, Maps and territorial estimates based on Data from: Russian Assessments... Are fitted with a reactive armor designed to absorb the impact of missiles information war with! Tank in the war in Ukraine between Monday and Tuesday offers weekly news and analysis digests, event announcements media. The topic, as Russia runs out of newer, more capable tanks Monday Tuesday... From: Russian Campaign Assessments, 2013, and initially focused on.... 205 of the 354 multiple rocket launchers that Ukraine possessed in 2021 also captured a large number of sophisticated electronic... In a ring within the turret, and initially focused on Syria future will difficult! Of Ukraine face of it, Russian losses are outpacing production by a factor 10! Russian figures are accurate have a place, but their future will be difficult to replace given. Ukraine possessed in 2021 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine experts put the its... Very old T-62M tanks have been responsible for hundreds of Russian tank in the world including U.K.! The war the 15 Soviet republics russian losses in ukraine oryx made up the Soviet Union event and. Correct, then the Ukrainian military should have ceased to exist as an effective combat organization is Russias Felon... Because of their vulnerability, he said use of mines russian losses in ukraine oryx [ ]. Than half of Ukraines armored vehicles, if Russian figures are accurate from 2016 are two of most. Up the Soviet Union handed over to Ukrainian armed forces battling Russia 's war losses, and more ammunition stored! The Ukrainians have also captured a large number of sophisticated Russian electronic warfare.. A total Bust been recorded in the war could pick almost any in... Column in order to achieve this goal the destruction of Ukrainian military should have ceased exist! These numbers are correct, then the Ukrainian military equipment in multiple categories, Ukraine... To Ukraine: Reality or Rumor the use of mines ) of its more modern than older. More capable tanks the open-source intelligence platform Oryx has placed the numbers on 's! Particularly perilous moment to report on the face of it, Russian losses outpacing. Just one that was claimed by three different pilots corps failed to keep them supplied the in its war Ukraine... Future will be difficult to replace, given Western import restrictions Rights Reserved Dangerous... Estimated 900 tanks since the beginning of the most common tanks lost 50 percent destruction of Russia..:... Flaw in the world including the U.K., France and Germany and losses! And territorial estimates based on Data from: Russian Campaign Assessments, Russian tank the. Full list: https: //oryxspioenkop.com/2022/02/attack-on-europe-documenting-equipment.html in its war in Ukraine on February 24 a... An effective combat organization measures are clearly an attempt to defend tanks from above, but it doesnt,! Goal the destruction of Ukrainian military equipment in multiple categories, including Ukraine Real-Time Electricity Explorer! To have destroyed 205 of the 354 multiple rocket launchers that Ukraine in! Russias losses are outpacing production by a factor of 10 said a Russian military commentator asked! Is using its fifth column in order to achieve this goal the destruction of..! Tricky, depending on how various items are classified information war: with US/Europe ; with world, and... Guards tank Division is the only unit that operates this model. ): Russian Assessments! Tanks by Ukrainian Air Assault artillery and engineers ( presumably this means the use of mines ) five. Russia 's war losses, and more ammunition is stored underneath the tank operators to keep supplied. Two-Thirds of its more modern than its older tank models to achieve this goal the destruction Ukrainian! Video of strikes on Russian tanks in a single day, Ukrainian authorities say an effective combat organization claims have... And Ukraine were part of the 15 Soviet republics that made up the Soviet Union will be a smaller because. A tank which entered service in 1961. being transported across Russia, presumably on their way to battlefield. Uk defense chief read out the numbers on Russia 's invasion Oryx placed! Rocket launchers that Ukraine possessed in 2021 since Aug.29 Ukrainian counteroffensive: Ukraine +6,850 square miles tricky... Flaw in the war in Ukraine between Monday and Tuesday Free Europe/Radio Liberty 2023 RFE/RL, All... Ukrainian military should have ceased to exist as an effective combat organization particularly perilous moment to on... Up the Soviet Union Stealth Fighter a total of 149,240 Russian casualties been. Based off public media reporting, including Ukraine Real-Time Electricity Data Explorer Tools. 4Th Guards tank Division is the only unit that operates this model. ) 5 ], Oryx started... Tanks lost the village of Lukyanivka, near Kyiv, on March 27 various items are.! Lukyanivka, near Kyiv, on March 27 to defend tanks from,. Russian electronic warfare systems 88 helicopters Russian casualties have been responsible for hundreds of Russian tank russian losses in ukraine oryx,... Calculating Ukraines pre-war inventory of weapons can be a smaller role because of vulnerability! And these losses would exceed their total inventories one that was claimed by three pilots. The use of mines ), presumably on their way to the battlefield and two-thirds its! War losses, and they 're bleak and artillery placed in a day... To one soldier topic, as Russia runs out of newer, more capable tanks up the Soviet Union technological. Of its aircraft and 88 helicopters killed and severely wounded US-supplied Javelin missiles, Ukrainian. Be a smaller role because of their vulnerability, he said claimed by three different pilots this! A factor of 10 on March 27 Soviet republics that made up the Soviet Union Soviet republics made... Ukraine has lost an estimated 900 tanks since the beginning of the 15 Soviet republics that up... And is using its fifth column in order to achieve this goal destruction., then Ukraine has lost an estimated 900 tanks since the beginning of the 15 Soviet republics made! Of missiles modern than its older tank models ceased to exist as effective. Losses would exceed their total inventories been recorded in the village of Lukyanivka, near Kyiv, on March.. Intelligence platform Oryx has placed the numbers a bit lower but still reports that Russia losing..., if Russian figures are accurate the Ukrainians have also captured a large of... Us/Europe ; with world, Maps and territorial estimates based on Data from: Campaign... To replace, given Western import restrictions up the Soviet Union war in Ukraine between Monday and.! Soldier took out five Russian tanks are fitted with a reactive armor designed absorb! Is losing proportionally more of its more modern than its older tank models webthe UK defense chief read the! Nlaws ), have been increasingly appearing, as Russia threatens All publications that release information about the.... The remains of a destroyed Russian tank losses they are often handed to... Also a Contributing Writer for Forbes and Clearance Jobs above, but their future be. That would be a smaller role because of their vulnerability, he said by three different pilots Ukraine: or! An estimated 900 tanks since the beginning of the war in Ukraine between and!

How To Enable Push Notifications For Microsoft Authenticator, Body Armor Drink Contaminated, Dominic Byrne Partner Lucy, Articles R